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\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 ( \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 ) \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a: \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 Le sucre\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 Le goudron\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 (une arbre).<\/p>\n

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\n\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u201d to want \u201d\u00a0 \u0648 \u201d to should \u201d \u201d to will \u201d \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u201d m\u00fcssen m\u00f6gen \u201d d\u00fcrfen \u201d solle \u201d . \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 savoir \u0648 conna\u00eetre \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0648 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623- \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a)<\/h1>\n

\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 28 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0648 3 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629:<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 p \u060c r ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062b\u0648\u063a\u0629 ) \u0648 h \u0648 v \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 gu ( \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 p \u0648 b.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 : \u0623 A \u0623\u0648 ou \u0625<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u201d a \u2013 ou \u2013 i \u201d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u201d a\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u201d e\u201d \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u201ce\u201d \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u060c eu \u060c o \u060c ou ( \u062d\u0631\u0641 o \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629).
\n\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a (o) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 (pauvre). \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 e \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648 i \u0648 u .<\/p>\n

e ferm\u00e9 et i diriger d\u00e9riger
\ni a u = puis > pouis, minuscule > miniscule, il distribue > il distribit
\ndiminuer > diminouer ou d\u00e9miniyer, discuter > duscuter
\ncontribuer > contribiyer, municipalit\u00e9 > minicipalit\u00e9
\nla sueur > la sieur, le bureau > le bireau, indistriel > industriel \u0627\u0644\u062e<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a on \u0648 en \/ an \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629
\npenser > ponser, lent > lont ou long, en > on ou ont, dont > dans, quand > qu\u2019 on \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

Les femmes ont bourr\u00e9 les couffins \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d Les femmes en bourraient les couffins.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 dans \u0648 dont.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621:<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631: \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0641 r \u0645\u0644\u062b\u0648\u063a\u0629\u060c puis \u2013 w \u2013 jaune \u2013 o. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u00a0\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u0641\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 ) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630: \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0628-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/h1>\n

1- \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: village (\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c jardin (\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629)\u060c cimeti\u00e8re ( \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629)\u060c mouchoir (\u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644)\u060c arbre (\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629)\u060c ( l\u00e9gume \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0629 )\u060c avion (\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629) langage (\u0644\u063a\u0629)\u060c cahier (\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629)\u060c minaret (\u0645\u0623\u0630\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u00e9tat (\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)\u060c soleil (\u0634\u0645\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: lune (\u0642\u0645\u0631)\u060c\u00a0 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649) \u060c pays (\u0628\u0644\u062f)\u060c herbe (\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0634)\u060c radio (\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0639)\u060c mosqu\u00e9e (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639) \u060c clef (\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d)\u060c fen\u00eatre (\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

3-\u00a0\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 ( \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a)\u00a0 L\u2019amour propre<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

4-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u201d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 faire, travailler<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u201c\u0639\u0645\u0644\u201d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u064a\u00a0\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u201d \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 ( \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 ) \u201d \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Je vais monter les meubles au troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tage<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 ( \u0647\u0630\u0627: \u064a\u0635\u0639\u062f )<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u201d Le temps est beau \u201d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u201d Il fait beau \u201c<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u201d La pluie tombe \u201d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u201d Il pleut \u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 14 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 Il a 14 ans ; il est \u00e2g\u00e9 de 14 ans (\u0623\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 14 \u0633\u0646\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u201d entendre dire \u201d \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u201c\u0633\u0645\u0639\u201d entendre.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062f J\u2019ai entendu que son fils a \u00e9t\u00e9 renvoy\u00e9. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 J\u2019 ai entendu dire que son fils a \u00e9t\u00e9 renvoy\u00e9<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623. A. Roche: \u201d \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u201c.<\/p>\n

\u062c-\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/h1>\n

1-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 : Le nom<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 ( la majuscule ) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 ( \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u062e).<\/p>\n

2-\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0631 : L\u2019article<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

3-\u00a0\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629: L\u2019adjectif possessif<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u0646\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

4-\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631: La pr\u00e9position<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 pour \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 pour que \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

5-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641: L\u2019adverbe<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

6- \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a: Le pronom personnel<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. ( Moi, je travaille ) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u201c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0649\u201d \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u00a0 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627:\u00a0Je vois \u2013 le ( \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0647 ) Je demande \u00e0 lui ( \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 ).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f ( \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639) \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627:<\/p>\n

Je le dis ( lui ) ( \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 ) Je la dis ( lui ) ( \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 ) Je l\u2019ai dit ( lui ) (\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 ) J\u2019ai lui dit \u2013 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647\u060c Je les parle ( leur ) . \u0623\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0646\u062b: Je dis \u00e0 un homme. \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u060c Je lui dis \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 :<\/p>\n

Je dis \u00e0 une femme \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 Je la dis \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644: le \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0644: lui \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 lui \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00e0 lui \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647 Je l\u2019ai ob\u00e9i \u0623\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0647 ( lui \u2013 \u00e0 mon p\u00e8re ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0648 ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 ob\u00e9ir.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

Nous sortons du village pour aller se promener<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u201d \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.
\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ( \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631\u2026) \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

7-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644: Le pronom relatif<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u201d \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 qui \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 que \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 :\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 que \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 qui \u0648 qu\u2019il \u0648 qu\u2019ils . \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

8-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644: Le verbe<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 Etre, avoir, auxiliaires<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 Avoir \u0648 Etre \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u201d \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u201d devenir \u201c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u201d semi \u2013 auxiliaires \u201d \u0641\u0639\u0644 faire \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643 laisser.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u201d devoir \u201d \u0648\u062c\u0628 \u201d \u0648 \u201d pouvoir \u201d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u201d \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n

\n
• \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 : La voix passive<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 agent compl\u00e9ment (\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a). \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0641\u0644 La porte ferm\u00e9e. \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 La porte se ferme \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u00a0\u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

  \n
  • \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629: Modes et temps<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

    \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0641\u0642\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 (\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 (\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a)\u00a0\u2013 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2013\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a (variations) \u0635\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642:<\/p>\n

    \n
    • \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 ( subjonctif \u2026).<\/li>\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 (plus que parfait).<\/li>\n
    • \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628 :<\/p>\n

      \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 (\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 pr\u00e9sent\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 imparfait\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 parfait \u2013 que \u2013 plus \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u201d \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 ( irr\u00e9alit\u00e9 ) \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 (indicatif) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a).<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u062f- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/h1>\n

      1-\u00a0\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

      \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638:<\/p>\n

      \n
      • \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n
      • \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644).<\/li>\n
      • \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n
      • \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n
      • \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 : \u201d \u0648 \u2013 \u0648 \u2013 \u0648 \u201d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0632<\/p>\n

        Mon p\u00e8re m\u2019\u00e9crit que la famille est en bonne sant\u00e9 et le bl\u00e9 se porte bien et mon petit fr\u00e8re va maintenant
        \n\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole et la ch\u00e8vre \u2026<\/p>\n

        2-\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 Pas de verbe Etre<\/h2>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644).<\/p>\n

        3-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u00a0Phrase nominale, phrase verbale, singulier, pluriel<\/h2>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 (\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644).<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 (\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 pluralit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        4-\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 (\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630)<\/h2>\n

        \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 Le type de subordination isol\u00e9e \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 lorsque\u00a0\u0623\u0648 quand \u201d \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u201d \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641 \u201d \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u201d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        5- \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u064a pour que pour et<\/h2>\n

        \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 (pour) \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0622\u062e\u0631: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u00a0\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627.<\/p>\n

        6- \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 : Verbe subordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019infinitif<\/h2>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u201d \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 + \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u201c. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.
        \n\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0629) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 (juxtaposer) \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.
        \n\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

        7-\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644: Le compl\u00e9ment d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/h2>\n

        \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u201d \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u201d rester \u201d \u0628\u0642\u0649 \u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n

        \u201d \u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u201d rester \u00e0 \u201d \u2013 \u201d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201d continuer \u00e0 \u201d \u2013 \u201d \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641 \u201d \u00eatre en train de \u201d \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u201d longtemps \u201c.<\/p>\n

        8-\u00a0\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645: Forme interrogative<\/h2>\n

        \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628 \u201d \u0647\u0644 \u201d Est \u2013 ce que \u201d \u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        9-\u00a0\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a: Forme n\u00e9gative<\/h2>\n

        \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 ( ne \u2026 pas, ne \u2026pas non plus, etc ) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u201d ne\u00a0\u201d\u00a0 J\u2019ai pas d\u2019argent\u00a0\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        10-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631: Le style indirect<\/h2>\n

        \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n

        \n
        • \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          <\/p>\n

          \n
          • \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 que \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631:
            \n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 (\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635). \u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u201d est \u2013 ce que \u201d \u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u201d \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u201d Si\u201d ( \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u201d ce que \u201d \u0648\u201d ce qui \u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u201d \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u201d \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.
            \n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u201d ( \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

            <\/p>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c:<\/h1>\n

            \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630. \u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0646\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.
            \n\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/p>\n

            1-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n

            \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

            2-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644)<\/h2>\n

            \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637.
            \n\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.
            \n\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 (\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628) \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.
            \n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629: \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 La fraise .<\/p>\n

            3-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

            \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a.
            \n\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0623. \u0631\u0648\u0634 A. Roche<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a:\u00a0\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u2026 \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

            4-\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 M\u00e9thode directe rationnellement con\u00e7ue<\/h2>\n

            \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0629 (active) \u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645.<\/p>\n

            \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

            \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642:<\/p>\n

            \n
            • \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n
            • \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n
            • \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n
            • \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
            • \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
            • \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
            • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

              5- \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646: La formation de l\u2019esprit<\/h2>\n

              \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 Le substrat linguistique\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u2026
              \n\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u201d honte \u201d \u062e\u062c\u0644 \u201d \u0648 \u201cpudeur \u201d \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u201d \u0648\u201d \u201d timidit\u00e9 \u201d \u062e\u062c\u0644 \u201d \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a.
              \n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627.
              \n\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.
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